serves as an early warning system for impending outbreaks that could become public health emergencies; enables monitoring and evaluation of the impact of an intervention, helps track progress . Surveillance and Modeling of Virus Diseases. key elements for overall surveillance system operations, including: 1) standardized operating procedures;2) basic case definitions to use for surveillance of targeted diseases and health events; 3) more detailed information on key diseases and recommended tasks for follow-up to an alert; and 4) templates for reporting and investigation forms. The Division of Epidemiology - Disease Surveillance and Investigation coordinates with the School Health Nursing Program to monitor infectious diseases in District of Columbia schools. Syndromic surveillance: an active or passive system that uses case definitions that are based entirely on clinical features without any clinical or laboratory diagnosis (for example, collecting the number of cases of diarrhea rather than cases of cholera, or "rash illness" rather than measles). Public health surveillance is "the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice." Field Epidemiology These materials provide an overview of public health surveillance systems and methods. c. Disease surveillance via the MAVEN system. When a reportable communicable disease is confirmed or suspected among students, faculty, and staff members, a protocol is in place to monitor and minimize the spread of infectious diseases. Although the total amount of surveillance has increased in recent years, there have been dramatic cutbacks in surveillance for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection . A disease surveillance method that utilizes clinical signs and symptoms as a proxy for disease occurrence, since the first sign of an outbreak of a serious acute illness in a community might be an unusual number of people seeking care for non-specific symptoms/signs. Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data. This document is designed as a tool to help organizations, researchers, evaluators, community groups . Topics Most surveillance for communicable diseases is passive. Graphs: Time trends for the different geographical areas; an increase in the number of cases of more than 2 standard deviations as compared to . Systems should be periodically or continually assessed as part of quality assurance. trends in development of antimicrobial resistance. Monitoring the disease host, . Disease surveillance is an essential component of any public health system and is used to monitor disease trends over time, detect disease outbreaks, prevent further spread of disease, and increase our knowledge of risk factors contributing to disease development. Public health agencies at the federal, state, and local levels are all involved . Indicator-based Surveillance. Disease surveillance is an epidemiological practise where the object of interest is de ned to be a disease. Passive disease surveillance refers to the receipt of reports of infections/disease from physicians, laboratories and other health care professionals required to submit such reports as defined by public health legislation. WHO's Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR) to detect, verify rapidly and respond appropriately to epidemic-prone and emerging disease threats covers the following diseases: [5] Anthrax Avian influenza Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever Ebola virus disease Hepatitis Influenza Lassa fever Marburg hemorrhagic fever Surveillance - Principles. Electronic - Electronic monitoring is often the tool of choice among investigators. Physical observation - Physical observation is common for spousal investigations. Epidemiological surveillance is the foundation for immediate and long-term strategies for combating . Establishing a Surveillance System. Both types of surveillance include collecting, monitoring, assessing, and interpreting data. guidelines for integrated disease surveillance and response (IDSR) in the African region to streamline surveillance . For diseases that produce limited or no symptoms in the majority of those affected, the likelihood that the disease will be recognized is low. SURVEILLANCE VS. Disease surveillance is an information-based activity involving the collection, analysis and interpretation of large volumes of data originating from a variety of sources. Aerial surveillance is the gathering of visual imagery or video from an airborne vehicle, normally unmanned aerial vehicle, helicopter, or spy plane. Monitor the progress of prevention efforts. It is a key part of public health decision-making in all countries (e.g. Public health surveillance refers to the collection, analysis, and use of data to target public health prevention. Event-based Surveillance. Fulfilling our mission to protect the public's health, CDC invests heavily in supporting . Surveillance can be either active or passive and may collect data on incident cases, prevalent cases, or both. Surveillance data are crucially important to inform policy changes, guide new program interventions, sharpen public communications, and help agencies assess research investments. Surveillance Systems CDC conducts surveillance of chronic diseases to Better understand the extent of health risk behaviors, preventive care practices, and the burden of chronic diseases. Tracking of such fluxes is possible as there is an association of strain types with the geographic origins of the human patients that carry them (Gagneux et al., 2006; Hirsh, Tsolaki . This type of surveillance can come in handy during proof of cohabitation cases or employee sickness and absenteeism. EBS is one of two main types of surveillance used to identify and track infectious diseases and other public health events. Passive surveillance is often less sensitive but is also less costly and thus can be deployed on a broader scale. 2. Stage 5 Estimating the risk. Stage 3: Extracting relevant evidence. Evaluate the effectiveness of control and preventative health measures. Types of Surveillance There are two types of surveillance commonly used: 1. Reports of outbreaks by local health agencies to regional and, then, national agencies responsible for disease surveillance, laboratory isolations of certain foodborne pathogens from human beings, sentinel community studies, and hazard surveillance are the types of foodborne disease surveillance activities that are used to varying extents in . The surveillance coordinator may provide training to health workers in how to complete the surveillance forms, and may even send someone to periodically collect forms from health facilities. The Surveillance Resource Center provides members of the public health surveillance community organized, easy access to guidance developed by CDC and its partners for improving the practice of surveillance. Here we used a continental-scale dataset, collected in tropical wetlands of 15 African countries, to test th Disease surveillance: The ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data and the provision of information which leads to action being taken to prevent and control a disease, usually one of an infectious nature. Public health surveillance is the cornerstone of public health practice. Active disease surveillance is also based on . A functional national communicable diseases surveillance system is essential for action on priority communicable diseases. Technical surveillance - Technical surveillance involves the use of audio and visual equipment to document behavior and conversations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines public health surveillance as "ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data regarding a health-related event for use in public health action to reduce morbidity and mortality and to improve health" (CDC, 2001). priority setting, planning, resource Recommended Data Analysis, Presentation and Reports Disease trends and patterns are the principal concern of surveillance control programmes. The United States spent $74.5 million in 1992 for all infectious disease surveillance activities (Osterholm et al., 1993). This type of surveillance involves the actual viewing and following of a subject, and it may include stakeouts, disguises and multiple investigators. 2004, p.2) Practitioners have criticised the usage of syndromic surveillance as im-precise and misleading, because many of the systems described by the term . types. Despite considerable effort for surveillance of wild birds for avian influenza viruses (AIVs), empirical investigations of ecological drivers of AIV prevalence in wild birds are still scarce. Help public health professionals and policy makers make more timely and effective decisions. Criteria for Surveillance. The performance of surveillance systems can be assessed by using a series of attributes, including sensitivity, timeliness, representativeness, positive predictive value, acceptability, flexibility, simplicity, and costs. Reports: Weekly and Monthly reports of aggregated data to the next level, by geographical area (district). Some common surveillance syndromes are: gastrointestinal illness, Laboratories, physicians, or others regularly report cases of disease / death to the local or state health department Case reports based on a standard case definition of that particular disease Deaths reported on standard certificate Passive Surveillance Active Surveillance Local or state health departments initiate the collection of information from laboratories, physicians, health care providers, or the general population Achieves more complete and accurate reporting than passive surveillance Example: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance surveys Active Surveillance (Buehler et al. Surveillance in emergencies. Active surveillance is usually more sensitive for discovering an outbreak but is more costly and labor intensive. Monitor changes in infectious agents e.g. Bullying is one type of violence that threatens a youth's well-being in schools and neighborhoods. For diseases that cause severe illness or death (e.g., lung cancer or rabies), the likelihood that the disease will be diagnosed and recorded by a health-care provider is high. Stage 4: Appraising evidence. Type of Data Generated: Reportable Diseases and Conditions and Public Health Threats Description A public health surveillance system is an essential public health function defined by ongoing systematic collection, . Passive surveillance is the most common type of surveillance in humanitarian emergencies. This definition is particularly appropriate for acute health issues, such as . Surveillance in which the available data on diseases or conditions are used It refers to regular monitoring or reporting of the cases without active involvement in identification/reporting by the health personnel Simple and very easy to carry out All institutions that provide health services to general people are the part of this surveillance. The impacts of bullying are felt by individuals, families, schools, and society and may result in youths feeling powerless, intimidated, and humiliated by the aggressive acts of other youth(s). Infectious disease surveillance is the first link in the response to emerging infections. SCREENING Surveillance Data collection to measure magnitude, changes, and trends in populations The objective is intervention in defined populations Screening Testing to identify individuals with infection or disease Objective is either: Personal intervention Protection of the public (e.g., blood donors) d. Stage 2: Systematically collecting information. 2. DISEASE SURVEILLANCE Effective communicable disease control relies on effective disease surveillance. As for military surveillance aircraft, it uses a number of sensors (like radar) in order to monitor the battlefield. These two types of public health surveillance - event-based surveillance and indicator-based surveillance - complement one another.

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